[Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education - the leading educational institution in the country for the training of forensic medical personnel (for the 90th anniversary from the establishment of the department of forensic medicine)]. / Rossiiskaya meditsinskaya akademiya nepreryvnogo professional'nogo obrazovaniya ­ vedushchee obrazovatel'noe uchrezhdenie strany po podgotovke sudebno-meditsinskikh kadrov (k 90-letiyu so dnya obrazovaniya kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny).

The article presents a detailed analysis of the stages of formation, development and achievements of the forensic medicine department of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, established in 1933 yr. More than 100 resident doctors and 15 PhD students have been trained in the department for 90 years. As a part of additional professional education implementation, more than 800 cycles of training courses for forensic medical and forensic experts and more than 30 cycles of professional retraining for doctors of other specialties have been carried out. More than 160 thous. specialists have been trained at the department since its establishment. Many employees of the department were directly involved in the performance of the most complicated and socially significant forensic medical examinations. The article describes the main achievements and scientific directions of the department's staff activity, directions and prospects of improving the training of forensic medical personnel in the country.

[Features of detection and interpretation of intravital and postmortem changes according to the results of traditional X-ray and X-ray computed tomography of objects from historical graves and artefacts]. / Osobennosti vyyavleniya i interpretatsii prizhiznennykh i posmertnykh izmenenii po rezul'tatam traditsionnoi rentgenografii i rentgenovskoi komp'yuternoi tomografii ob"ektov iz istoricheskikh zakhoronenii i artefaktov.

OBJECTIVE: To study emergence mechanism, physical nature, pattern of intravital and postmortem changes of biological and non-biological objects originated in the period from 1550 to 1918 yr. using traditional X-ray and X-ray computed tomography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The relics of Saint Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, the remains of the First Reverend of the Resurrection Novodevichy Convent in Saint Petersburg Mother Superior Theophania, damages on the chair leg on which Tsesarevich Alexey sat during the shooting of Russian Emperor Nicholas II, his family and entourage in 1918 in Yekaterinburg were stidued. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The application of highly informative methods of traditional X-ray and X-ray computed tomography of biological and non-biological objects showed their high informativity and allowed to correctly interpret the emergence mechanism, physical nature, pattern of intravital and postmortem changes of skeleton bones and historical artefact (chair legs) originated long ago. The necessity of special professional training and advanced training of experts in forensic radiology to prevent possible diagnostic and expert errors has been substantiated.

[Conceptual approaches to defining the one-pointedness of forensic expert institutions as a factor determining the effectiveness of their interaction]. / Kontseptual'nye podkhody k opredeleniyu odnoprofil'nosti sudebno-ekspertnykh uchrezhdenii kak faktor, opredelyayushchii effektivnost' ikh vzaimodeistviya.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: Is to identify the effectiveness of cooperation between forensic expert institutions on the basis of approaches to determining their one-pointedness. Legislative and regulatory legal acts regulating forensic expert activity have been studied. Methods of synthesis, analysis and comparison have been used for their processing. The comparison of the carrying out of targeted diversified studies has been conducted. The article substantiates a necessity of uniform approaches to determination of one-pointedness of forensic expert institutions in order to increase the effectiveness of interdepartmental interaction.

[Fatal radiation-induced injury resulting from the deliberate use of ionizing radiation source for illegal purposes]. / Smertel'naya radiatsionnaya travma vsledstvie umyshlennogo primeneniya istochnika ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya v protivopravnykh tselyakh.

A rare clinical observation of death from prolonged uneven external irradiation due to the deliberate use of an ionizing radiation source for illegal purposes has been presented. The main difficulties of postmortem diagnosis of this type of radiation-induced injury, considering the features of histological examinations and special methods of retrospective dosimetric evaluations, have been identified.

Resonant properties of the memory capacity of a laser-based reservoir computer with filtered optoelectronic feedback.

We provide a comprehensive analysis of the resonant properties of the memory capacity of a reservoir computer based on a semiconductor laser subjected to time-delayed filtered optoelectronic feedback. Our analysis reveals first how the memory capacity decreases sharply when the input-data clock cycle is slightly time-shifted from the time delay or its multiples. We attribute this effect to the inertial properties of the laser. We also report on the damping of the memory-capacity drop at resonance with a decrease of the virtual-node density and its broadening with the filtering properties of the optoelectronic feedback. These results are interpretated using the eigenspectrum of the reservoir obtained from a linear stability analysis. Then, we unveil an invariance in the minimum value of the memory capacity at resonance with respect to a variation of the number of nodes if the number is big enough and quantify how the filtering properties impact the system memory in and out of resonance.

Complete and partial time-delay signature suppression in a laser array.

We model dynamics of a quantum dot based micropillar laser array subject to the time-delayed optical feedback. The global coupling provided by the feedback generates a rich set of various instabilities including chaotic regimes with strong time-delay signature in the autocorrelation function. We demonstrate that the dispersion of the array coupling phases leads to effective suppression of the time-delay signature due to the dispersion of the system's internal timescales. We find that the transition to the complete suppression of the time-delay signature appears via a chimera state where highly correlated and non-correlated laser outputs coexist. The degree of correlation in the chimera state depends on the coupling phase dispersion.

[Role and importance of forensic medical re-examination of defects in health care delivery]. / Rol' i znachenie povtornoi sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy defektov okazaniya meditsinskoi pomoshchi.

Article is devoted to the problem of production and legal evaluation of repeated commission (complex) forensic medical examinations based on materials of «medical¼ practices, related to facts of health care delivery adverse outcomes, in criminal and civil proceedings. Reasons of re-examination assignment, theoretical and applied aspects of this procedural institute in evidence in cases of iatrogenic crimes and unqualified health care delivery were considered. The authors pay particular attention to deficiency of legal base and practical approaches to the re-examination assignment and its results' evaluation, and suggest ways to improve the forensic medical and law enforcement activity in this category of cases. The examples from practice, illustrating the content and nature of the re-examination's problem in «medical¼ cases, were given, the ways to improve the quality of expert work and judicial practice were emphasized, and measures, that will improve the situation in short term, were identified.

Subharmonic locking and frequency combs in frequency-swept semiconductor lasers.

We analyze a delay differential equation model for a swept semiconductor laser and demonstrate existence of various periodic solutions that are subharmonically locked to the sweep rate. These solutions provide optical frequency combs in spectral domain. We investigate the problem numerically and show that, due to the translational symmetry of the model, there exists a hysteresis loop formed by branches of steady states solutions, bridges of periodic solutions connecting stable and unstable steady state branches, and isolated branches of limit cycles. We discuss the role of bifurcation points and limit cycles embedded into the loop in the formation of the subharmonic dynamics.

Impact of filtering on photonic time-delay reservoir computing.

We analyze the modification of the computational properties of a time-delay photonic reservoir computer with a change in its feedback bandwidth. For a reservoir computing configuration based on a semiconductor laser subject to filtered optoelectronic feedback, we demonstrate that bandwidth selection can lead to a flat-topped eigenvalue spectrum for which a large number of system frequencies are weakly damped as a result of the attenuation of modulational instability by feedback filtering. This spectral configuration allows for the optimization of the reservoir in terms of its memory capacity, while its computational ability appears to be only weakly affected by the characteristics of the filter.

[Statistical analysis of performance indicators of medical forensic departments of the FME bureaux in the Russian Federation]. / Statisticheskii analiz pokazatelei mediko-kriminalisticheskikh podrazdelenii byuro SME v Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

This article presents the results of the study of the quantitative performance indicators of medical forensic departments of state forensic medical expert institutions in Russia as a whole and in individual federal districts from 2009 to 2018. Medical statistics methods were used. We analyzed absolute and intensive indicators, their percentages, and correlation relationships. Trends and patterns were studied to identify causal relationships and assess the effect of various factors. A steady trend of reducing the total number of expert examinations performed in the medical forensic departments was shown. However, their share of the total number of violent death cases is increasing. The labor intensity of medical forensic examinations and the number of examination methods used are increasing. Regional differences in the studied indicators are revealed. The presented metadata can be used to improve the workflow management of forensic medical departments and monitor the effectiveness of improvements. The findings confirm the need to modernize and adapt the regulatory and procedural framework of the expert work.

[Automated digital superimposition of the 3D model and archival photographs of full removable dentures in forensic dentistry]. / Avtomatizirovannoe tsifrovoe issledovanie v sudebno-stomatologicheskoi ekspertize dlya sopostavleniya ob"emnoi modeli i arkhivnykh fotografii polnykh s"emnykh protezov.

THE AIM THE STUDY: The purpose of the work is to perform automated alignment of two-dimensional archival photographs of the first prosthesis and a digital model of the complete removable prosthesis by superposition in order to determine or deny their possible belonging to one user. MATERIALS END METHODS: The superposition was carried out in the Exocad program (DentalCAD 3.0 Galway) using the standard 2D-3D alignment algorithm of the «SmileDesign¼ module; in the same program. In addition, Keynote and Fusion 360, and Autodesk programs were used. Statistical measurements were carried out at the statistically significant level of p<0.05. RESULTS: A comparison of four different-angle and different-scale photographic images of a removable denture of the upper jaw teeth with a three-dimensional copy of the same version of the prosthesis of the life physician of the royal family E.S. Botkin was made. When superimposing a digital three-dimensional model and a two-dimensional photograph of the original prosthesis with marked anthropometric points (n=51), 21 of them coincided or touched each other (41.2%). Another 26 points were located side by side (distance up to 1.5 mm) (50.9%) and 4 did not coincide (distance >1.5 mm, but no more than 3.5-4 mm) (7.8%). When the reference points were combined, the contours, the configuration of the relief and the peripheral boundaries of all three objects mostly coincided. The linear longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the bases of the prostheses also mostly coincided. The exception was the distal border of the bases, and the level of the cutting edges of the anterior artificial teeth, where complete coincidence was not observed, due to differences in the degree of erasability. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the original prosthesis from Ipatiev's house and its stereolithographic model was a test for the accuracy of the matching method used. The stereotype of the compared images is proved and the consistency of the possibility of computer combination of three-dimensional and two-dimensional objects is confirmed. The use of traditional methods of forensic identification and evaluation of the results by methods of mathematical statistics allowed us to conclude that the two different complete removable dentures of the upper jaw depicted in the photographs belong to one user.

[The phenomenon of the formation of a ricocheted buckshot of a negative angle of reflection]. / Fenomen obrazovaniya rikoshetirovavshei kartech'yu otritsatel'nogo ugla otrazheniya.

The purpose of the study is to establish the possibility, determine the conditions and parameters for the formation of a negative angle of reflection of a firearm after a ricochet from the surface of an obstacle based on the results of our own experimental studies. Expert and law enforcement practice shows that after a shot, firearms, both before interaction with an obstacle and after a ricochet, move in space in the same plane with respect to the surface of the obstacle, forming a reflection angle with a positive or zero degree value. As a result of ballistic experiments, the possibility of forming a negative angle of reflection by ricocheted buckshot was established, the conditions and parameters for the occurrence of this pattern were determined. The identified ballistic «Gusentsov phenomenon¼ has an important interdisciplinary scientific and practical significance for further expanding knowledge and understanding of external and internal ballistics and can be successfully used in scientific, practical, forensic and educational activities.

[About the possibility of using a comparative visual method for identification purposes with the participation of specialists in the field of orthopedic dentistry]. / O vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya v identifikatsionnykh tselyakh sravnitel'nogo vizual'nogo metoda s uchastiem spetsialistov v oblasti ortopedicheskoi stomatologii.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Is to determine whether dentures belong to one or different users. The results of a comparative visual comparison of two different-scale and different-angle photographs of removable dentures of the maxilla teeth are presented. The comparison was carried out by 20 experienced orthopedic dentists. The opinion of the overwhelming majority: with a high degree of probability, the dentures belong to one user. Experts based their judgment on 13 independent attributes. From a forensic medical point of view, the assessment contains elements of subjectivity. The conclusion about the possibility of solving the question posed on the basis of objective methods of forensic identification is formulated.

[Pathomorphological alterations in the kidneys in acute and chronic alcohol intoxication]. / Patomorfologicheskie izmeneniya v pochkakh pri ostroi i khronicheskoi alkogol'noi intoksikatsii.

The literature review presents data on pathomorphological changes in the kidneys in acute and chronic alcohol intoxication. A lack of consensus among researchers on the direct toxic damage to renal tissue by ethanol is demonstrated. Analysis of the literature showed that the issue of attributing microscopic changes detected in the kidneys to characteristic or specific signs remains controversial. Some authors identify several characteristic microscopic patterns in the kidney tissue in alcohol intoxication: thickening of glomeruli basal membranes, narrowing of glomerular capsule tubular lumen. Fatty dystrophy of the proximal tubules is most often indicative of concomitant conditions related to alcohol intoxication, such as ketoacidosis. In alcohol intoxication, some changes in the kidneys occur variably, such as dyscirculatory, dystrophic, pigmentary, necrotic, and autolytic changes. Data on the causes of their occurrence are often contradictory from different authors. The authors of this review believe that this issue can be resolved using up-to-date histochemical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric test methods.

Optical square-wave generation in a semiconductor laser with optoelectronic feedback.

We report self-sustained optical square-wave (SW) generation in a semiconductor laser diode subjected to delayed optoelectronic feedback on its injection current (J). This optoelectronic oscillator relies on nonlinear effects present in both the laser diode and in the optoelectronic feedback loop through amplifier saturation. The repetition rate of the SW is an integer multiple of the inverse of the loop delay, while the duty cycle can be tuned with J.

[Dynamics of fatal injuries in Russian Federation from 2003 to 2019]. / Dinamika smertel'nogo travmatizma v Rossiiskoi Federatsii s 2003 po 2019 g.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the violent death structure in the Russian Federation; determination of the changes dynamics in indicators of its main types and identification of the most common ones. Currently, there are no studies with the results of a total data analysis on injuries in the Russian Federation. A number of scientific works devoted to the statistical analysis of injuries touch on short-term periods in individual subjects of the Russian Federation and certain types of injuries. The authors present the results of a detailed analysis of violent death's statistical indicators that can contribute to the monitoring of medical and statistical indicators for the implementation of priority and strategic directions in the health sector, improvement of legal regulation and other measures to strengthen public health and prevent risk factors. The dynamics of changes in various injuries types for the indicated period has been established. The most common types of violent death have been identified; the patterns of decrease and increase in certain death types have been established.

[Technical and methodological support for postmortem radiation examinations in the pathological departments and the forensic bureau]. / Tekhnicheskoe i metodicheskoe obespechenie provedeniya posmertnykh luchevykh issledovanii v patologoanatomicheskikh otdeleniyakh i byuro sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the technical and methodological features of postmortem radiation studies based on literature data and the results of our own experience. To designate such studies, the term thanatoradiology has been proposed. The basis for the effective conduct of a thanatodiological examination is adequate technical support, which equally consists of the capabilities of the equipment for obtaining radiographs, CT and MR tomograms (type and generation of the device, technical features of a particular model), as well as the capabilities of the radiologist's workstation with the help of which the computer processing of the obtained images is carried out, three-dimensional reconstructions are performed, the calculation of planar and volumetric parameters and additional information is obtained. The use of an X-ray unit allows one to assess only pronounced pathology and the presence of foreign objects. The effectiveness of a computed tomography device depends on the choice of the slice thickness and the step of the examination table. Research on a magnetic resonance imager is effective at certain magnetic induction strength, the form of a magnetic coil and the used mode of recording a pulse sequence. The objectivity and efficiency of digital processing of tomograms consists of the type of a radiologist's workstation and installed programs for post-processing tomograms, including for modeling three-dimensional images and color mapping. The choice of a specific method of postmortem radiation research should be determined mainly by the research objectives. Research should be carried out taking into account age, body weight, individual characteristics and the state of body tissues. Today, it is advisable to use radiation methods as part of a comprehensive pathological and anatomical or forensic medical research to improve the quality and shorten the autopsy duration. The development of a unified protocol for postmortem CT and MRI studies that meets the pathological, anatomical and forensic requirements remains an urgent task.

[Epidemiological analysis of violent death and cases of not established death cases in Russian Federation (2009-2018)]. / Epidemiologicheskii analiz pokazatelei nasil'stvennoi smerti i sluchaev neustanovleniya prichiny smerti po Rossiiskoi Federatsii (po materialam 2009­2018 gg.).

The paper presents the results of an epidemiological analysis of statistical data on the number of deaths from violent deaths, which cause has not been established; unidentified and unclaimed corpses in forensic medical expertise in Russia as a whole and in individual federal districts for the period from 2009 to 2018. Percentage indicators and share values of the circumstances due to which the death cause was not established are given. It was found that on the basis of a steady decreasing trend in number of violent deaths, the number of corpses with an unknown death cause is growing, mainly due to putrefactive changes in corpses of adults and due to the burning of children corpses. The presence of a strong correlation between the number of unclaimed and unidentified corpses with the number of forensic medical expertise, when the cause of death was not established, was shown. Based on the analysis results at the macro level (federal districts), some interregional differences in the structure of the analyzed indicators were revealed. The results obtained make it possible to confirm the relevance of existing clusters of scientific research and to form new ones, to place accents in the directions of the postgraduate education of specialists.

[Organization of postmortem radiological examination in the structure of pathological departments and forensic bureaus]. / Organizatsiya provedeniya posmertnykh luchevykh issledovanii v strukture patologo-anatomicheskikh otdelenii i byuro sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy.

The purpose of this work is to develop an optimal scheme for organizing and conducting postmortem radiation studies in the Russian Federation based on literature data and our own results. One of the primary points in organizing virtopsiy is to determine the place where radiation examinations of deceased patients will be performed. The absence or presence of the equipment and capabilities available in the institution, i.e., the department of radiation diagnostics with functioning CT and MRI devices and software, determines the volume of economic costs. The analysis of the results of radiation research methods should be carried out by a highly qualified radiologist who has both general knowledge of radiation diagnostics and information about the radiation pattern of nonspecific postmortem changes. Based on our own experience in organizing postmortem radiation examinations, we consider it optimal to conduct postmortem CT and/or MRI scans by an X-ray technician in the radiation diagnostics department and to introduce a separate radiologist in the staffing of the pathology department or forensic medical examination bureau. In our opinion, an examination of the corpse by a radiologist in conjunction with a forensic expert is required to determine the most important areas of interest, tactics and methodology of radiation research. The final conclusion of the radiologist should be formed after consultation and agreement of the identified changes with a pathologist or forensic expert. Virtopsy is a highly effective objective method for examining a corpse. This dictates the need for its widespread introduction into the practice of the forensic medical examination bureaus and pathological and anatomical departments.

[Death of Pyotr Stolypin: forensic medical aspects]. / Smert' Petra Stolypina ­ sudebno-meditsinskie aspekty.

The article continues the cycle of scientific research devoted to the reconstruction of the tragic events of Russian history by the methods of forensic medical examination. The archival data of the criminal case on the murder in Kiev in 1911 of the Prime Minister of Russia P.A. Stolypin has been published in the scientific literature first time. Formulation a forensic diagnosis and reconstruction of the posture of the victim were done based on comparison of the data from the inspection of the scene, the characteristics of the firearms and the results of the examination of the body. The obtained data arguably disprove the positions of the victim and the killer, which are generally accepted in journalism and artworks.